The Weird Paradox of Terraforming Mars

Summary

  • People have long been fascinated with Mars as a second home.
  • Terraforming Mars is a significant challenge due to a lost atmosphere.
  • Developing tech for Mars may result in helpful innovations for Earth.

As famous scientist Dr. A. Schwarzenegger once said: “Get your [redacted] to Mars.” and this is just the perfect way to convey the energy of people who have been fascinated with the idea of living on the red planet, but there’s a paradox involved in trying to make this dream come true.

Mars Has Been in Our Sights as a Second Home Forever

The idea that Mars is relatively similar to Earth predates scientific evidence to support that idea by a long shot. In the late 1800s, as telescopes became powerful enough, Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli observed what he called “canali” or channels on the surface of Mars using a telescope that was almost not powerful enough to make out the surface of the red planet.

“Today, we know the ‘canali’ are an optical illusion. However, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the idea of artificial structures on Mars fueled fascination with the possibility of intelligent life next door.”

A photograph taken by Opportunity of the ground texture of Perseverance Valley.

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I remember reading Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy in high school, and just marveling at the idea of slowly turning the red planet green and blue over the course of centuries. Likewise, in Anthony Weir’s The Martian a stranded astronaut tries to survive for months on the surface of Mars with very few resources, as he awaits rescue.

One of my favorite books is Frederik Pohl’s Man Plus, a 1976 novel about an astronaut who undergoes an augmentation process to transform him into what’s essentially a Martian—someone designed to live in Martian conditions, as they work to make the planet habitable for regular humans.

But—and this is a key point—these are just dreams and stories, which may only have the thinnest connections to reality. So how hard would it actually be to terraform Mars so that humans could live on it like we do on Earth?

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What Would Terraforming Mars Involve?

Keck Telescope views of Uranus.

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The Real-World Incentives Are Weak

Having a whole second planet to call home is literally priceless, and on the grand scale of history it’s worth it in principle. However, we don’t live and allocate resources on timelines that span centuries or millennia. Leaders are in power for four or five years at a time, there are pressing problems on Earth that make it hard to justify significant investment in something like a small Mars base, much less a (very) long-term plan to convert an alien planet to be livable.

It’s not so much about technological, engineering, scientific, or even energy obstacles. Our entire economic and global political regime would have to change to take on a real-deal terraforming project. Like the people who built the pyramids, there would have to be a strong external motivator to tackle something extraordinarily difficult, involving lots of sacrifice.

Just as the Apollo program was driven by Cold War competition rather than pure scientific curiosity, a Mars colonization project would likely need a similar geopolitical or economic incentive.

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Paradoxically, Developing Terraforming Tech for Mars Could Help Earth

International space station orbiting planet Earth.

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If we can figure out how to divert asteroids to crash them into Mars, it means we can figure out how to put resource-rich asteroids into Earth orbit and mine them. I could list hypothetical examples all day here, but you probably get the idea.

The Dream of Mars Is What Matters

The history of science is littered with examples of people who discovered amazing solutions while working on an entirely different problem. Alexander Fleming was studying bacteria when he accidentally discovered penicillin. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was messing around with cathode rays when he accidentally X-rayed his hand. Superglue was created while trying to make clear plastic gun sights.

Whether we actually go to Mars or not, whether we ever try to terraform it or not, it’s a big mistake to only think about the destination, when most of the value of this exercise is in the journey along the way,

The romantic sci-fi lover in me wishes that it really is within the power of human beings to reach out to another world and reshape it into a home for us. I also know that if humans have a future that’s long enough, then eventually we’ll have to reckon with how dangerous our universe is and that we’ll need to hedge our bets as a species and spread further than our solar system.

You can extend this line of thinking to Mars being a practice run for any of the numerous extrasolar Earth-like planets we’ve discovered. Perhaps Mars is even harder to transform than most of them would be.


While it’s natural to concentrate on immediate problems here on Earth, I think the next time you’re quick to be dismissive about talks related to living on Mars one day, remember that the history books tell a neater story than reality, and that our journey through time isn’t a straight line, but more like a maze with many dead ends, but also many unexpected treasures.

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